Quit Smoking : 5 Diet Tips to Help You Kick the Butt ... - Health Me Up

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Quitting?smoking?is no easy task; it calls for every last bit of will power and determination at your disposable. But do what you must to?quit smoking?before it's too late, especially for your cardiovascular and cardio-respiratory health.?

31st of May is observed as World No Tobacco Day in order to inspire people around the world to join the anti tobacco brigade. There are a lot of methods that will help you quit smoking. These include nicotine patches, hypnosis and prescription medication, etc. However, little do people know that the best? the method is actually sitting in their own refrigerator! ?Yes, you guessed it right, it is healthy food.

Some foods that can help you stay tobacco free:?

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Milk, Celery, Carrot, Fruits and vegetables when taken before smoking, develops a bitter after taste compelling the smoker to extinguish the cigarette half way through because of the horrendous taste it leaves in the mouth.

Eating foods rich in vitamin C, for eg: orange, lemon, amla and guava in more quantity cuts down the urge to smoke. This is because cigarettes deprive you of vitamin C supply, leaving you with a deficiency which the nicotine fills.

Whenever you have craving for smoking, you can eat some salty food items like chips, papad, pickle, etc. You can also put some salt on the tip of the tongue, which will help you to kill your urge of smoking.

Fragrance of dried fruit helps lower cravings to smoke.

Keeping your mouth busy is another way to kill the urge of smoking. You can eat sugar free candy or chewing gum

Note: Make sure you avoid alcohol, caffeine, and red meat when you are attempting to quit smoking as these items only increase your craving for nicotine.

*Inputs: Annapurna Agrawal, Nutritionist, Snap Fitness India.

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Source: http://healthmeup.com/news-healthy-living/quit-smoking-5-diet-tips-to-help-you-kick-the-butt-world-no-tobacco-day/21849

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Elon Musk Has Plans For A New, Magical Form Of ... - Business Insider

Asa Mathat | D: All Things Digital

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Elon Musk has plans ? or maybe it's just an idea ? for a brand new form of transportation.

He calls it the "Hyperloop," and it's a way to travel long distances quickly.

At the D11 conference Musk danced around the topic a bit. He didn't want to talk about the Hyperloop because he wanted the focus of his interview to be Tesla.

The most he would say is that the Hyperloop is a "cross between a Concorde, a railgun and an air hockey table."

In the past, Musk has been slightly more forthcoming with Hyperloop details.

"This system I have in mind, how would you like something that can never crash, is immune to weather, it goes 3 or 4 times faster than the bullet train," said Musk last July. "It goes an average speed of twice what an aircraft would do. You would go from downtown LA to downtown San Francisco in under 30 minutes. It would cost you much less than an air ticket than any other mode of transport. I think we could actually make it self-powering if you put solar panels on it, you generate more power than you would consume in the system. There's a way to store the power so it would run 24/7 without using batteries. Yes, this is possible, absolutely."

It sounds like a magical, impossible mode of transportation. But, Musk seems to be fairly serious about it.

He's interested in a Hyperloop because he thinks the high-speed train in California is going to be a waste. He says it will be the slowest bullet train in the world, and one of the most expensive.

Instead of going the bullet train route, California should test his Hyperloop, which he says he's planning to talk about in more detail at the end of June.?

This isn't the only far-out idea from Musk. He thinks we need to leave Earth, or else we'll go extinct, and said that he did not join Tesla Motors to get a return on his investment.

Wednesday night, he announced plans for the dramatic growth of the Tesla's network of Superchargers, where owners can charge their car batteries halfway in 30 minutes.

By the end of this year, Musk said, it will be possible to drive from New York to Los Angeles by refueling a car only at the stations.

Update: We think we figured out how it can work.

Source: http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-has-plans-for-faster-transportation-called-the-hyperloop-2013-5

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Busbud, The Kayak For Intercity Bus Travel, Raises $1M Round Led By iNovia Capital And Real Ventures

Canadian startup Busbud, which bills itself as the "Kayak for intercity bus travel," today announced that it has raised a first $1 million funding round led by iNovia Capital and Real Ventures. Peter Kern, an Expedia board member and managing partner of private equity firm InterMedia Partners, as well as Luxury Retreats CEO Joe Poulin also participated in this round. iNovia Capital's David Nault and Real Venture's JS Cournoyer will join Busbud's board.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/hdiksvxq69I/

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NVIDIA GeForce GTX 770 and 780 review roundup: Kepler's still kicking in 2013

Now that we have the low-down on NVIDIA's two mainstream heavyweights, the GTX 770 and the GTX 780, we figure it's time to move beyond specs and official slide decks and bring together some reviews from the specialist sites. Both cards contain the same Kepler architecture as NVIDIA's 2012 line-up, with no huge leaps in evidence, but they either add more of this silicon (in the case of the GTX 780) or drive it harder (in the case of the GTX 770) in order create new options for enthusiasts and for those upgrading from a card that is two or more generations old. At the same time, these products represent a major shift in NVIDIA's pricing strategy. At $649, the GTX 780 is priced much higher than its direct ancestor, and it aims to approach Titan-level performance without hitting the same thousand-dollar high. Meanwhile, the GTX 770 costs just $399 and yet is said to replace last year's flagship cards like the GTX 680 and Radeon HD 7970 GHz Edition, which are still being sold for $450 and upwards at some retailers. Read on and we'll summarize how these claims have stacked up against reality.

Filed under: Desktops, Displays, Gaming, NVIDIA

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/05/30/nvidia-gtx-770-and-780-review-roundup/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=Feed_Classic&utm_campaign=Engadget

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Amanda Bynes to Perez Hilton: Kill Yourself!

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/05/amanda-bynes-to-perez-hilton-kill-yourself/

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US vs. European hurricane model: Which is better?

ST. PETERSBURG, Fla. (AP) -- When forecasters from the National Weather Service track a hurricane, they use models from several different supercomputers located around the world to create their predictions.

Some of those models are more accurate than others. During Hurricane Sandy last October, for instance, the model from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting in the United Kingdom predicted eight days before landfall that the large storm would hit the East Coast, while the American supercomputer model showed Sandy drifting out to sea.

The American model eventually predicted Sandy's landfall four days before the storm hit ? plenty of time for preparation ? but revealed a potential weakness in the American computer compared to the European system. It left some meteorologists fuming.

"Let me be blunt: the state of operational U.S. numerical weather prediction is an embarrassment to the nation and it does not have to be this way," wrote Cliff Maas, a professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Washington on his weather blog.

Meteorologists agree that the two American supercomputers that provide storm models are underpowered ? which is why the National Weather Service plans on upgrading those computers in the next two years. The two main forecasting computers ? one in Orlando, Fla. and the other in Reston, Va., ? will receive $25 million in upgrades as part of the Hurricane Sandy supplemental bill that was recently approved by Congress.

"This will improve weather forecasting across the board," said Christopher Vaccaro, a spokesman for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Certainly one area of concern that has received some attention were these larger high-impact extreme weather events. The European model is able to pick up on those storms earlier than our model."

Jeff Masters, meteorology director at the online forecasting service Weather Underground, said that other than Hurricane Sandy, the American model outperformed the European model during the 2012 hurricane season ? but if you look at a three-year period, the European model still comes out on top.

"If the U.S. did invest more money and people into making the model better, then the forecast would be better," Masters said. "The money we spend on weather forecasts and improving them pays for itself."

Still, with hurricane season starting Saturday, forecasters say the average person living in a coastal area shouldn't worry about the capability gap between the computers.

"I really could care less which is the better model because we have access to them both," said James Franklin, branch chief of the hurricane specialist unit. "It's immaterial to us."

And forecasters say that hurricane modeling and forecasting has become more accurate overall in the last 10 years.

Forecasters at the National Hurricane Center in Miami use both American and European models ? and other models ? then average them together for a storm's projected path. The computers take data from weather satellites, observations and weather balloons, then plug the data into complex algorithms.

The fact that the American supercomputer is lacking in processing power does need to be addressed. In the long run, improving its computing power will increase the overall quality of data for scientists drawing from multiple sources.

"You want to have the best information possible when you're trying to decide what to do," Masters said. "Having better forecast models is going to improve your chances."

Experts also say the quality of a nation's computer capability is emblematic of its underlying commitment to research, science and innovation.

"If you just bought a bigger computer, it will help but it will not solve the problem. There are many other aspects that need to be addressed," said Richard Rood, a professor at the University of Michigan's department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Science.

Rood said that the meteorologists who run the European computer have invested time, effort and money into developing algorithms.

Another issue, he said, is the long-term maintenance of the satellites run by NASA and NOAA.

"If they fail to continue to deliver the observations, then our forecast is going to be less good," he said "We all use the same set of raw data. For the most part, we all start from the same observations. If there is a threat to safety and property and people, it is far more related to the state of the observing system than it is to any deficiencies or any gap we might have with the Europeans on the predictive model."

There are other reasons why the European model has outperformed the American model, many of them having to do with the structure of the two agencies that run each computer, according to NOAA:

?The European model focuses on medium-range weather prediction, while the American model does a lot more ? it looks at short-, medium- and long-range global weather, along with atmospheric, ocean, coastal, hurricane and space weather.

?The European center has one budget that focuses only on research and development relating to medium-range weather, while NOAA has a fragmented budget and multiple research and development projects "loosely" managed under multiple organizations.

?The European center doesn't build observational systems while NOAA does.

"There's some differences in the basic goals and purposes of these different centers," said Chris Davis, a senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo. "That often has to be kept in mind when trying to understand differences in the performance models used."

___

Follow Tamara Lush on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tamaralush

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/us-vs-european-hurricane-model-191242513.html

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Market Your Business Online | ICM

If you are looking for web a designer that uses state-of-the-art technology with affordable web design price, then you should read along.

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Website development remains one of the most popular services needed on the internet as different companies/firms and individuals require it to enhance and flourish their business. Websites remain a very important and integral part of any business that is run on the internet and the website?s layout and design remain two things that can actually help or detract a customer from visiting a website.

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We here at Toronto Web Design know specifically what your requirements are. We know that the website that you want to be developed needs to really demonstrate what your company is all about. Any company that starts its business on the internet needs its website to be of top-notch quality so that the visitors get impressed with not only the services that your company offers but also with the quality of the website. The way the information has to be portrayed comes in the realms of Website development as well and it is truly important that the website must have a user-friendly interface, which is not complicated and the visitor finds no difficulty in switching pages.

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What really sets us apart from other website development companies that here at Toronto Web Design our customers would never leave dissatisfied with the results of working with us. Our team knows all the skills that are required to make the customer an addict of your website with the help of fast-loading regional portals as well as high bandwidth Flash animations.

Our rates include no hidden fees, which is the best thing and we always provide 100% original work with our excellent designers able to produce quality graphic design and logo designs that are truly impressive. We at Web Design Toronto can offer state-of-the-art logo designs with the options of reviews available too.

Source: http://www.icm2010.com/market-your-business-online.asp

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Do it (Tomorrow) for iPhone and iPad review: Productive procrastinating, at last!

Are you a procrastinator who tries time and time again to make use of an elaborate "get things done" system in order to bring some organization into your life to only put off using said system? Then Do it (Tomorrow) for iPhone is for you! Do it (Tomorrow) is simply two lists, Today and Tomorrow, with the ability to move tasks between lists with just one quick tap.

There are only three different screens in To it (Tomorrow). A "Today" list, a "Tomorrow" list, and the settings screen. You simply swipe left and right to move between screens. The lists look like notebooks and the Tomorrow list even has a fake coffee stain on it. Next to each task, there is an arrow that will move it to the other list.

Do it (Tomorrow) includes two fonts, one that looks like handwriting and another that is a more traditional.

Do it (Tomorrow) for iPhone is free with the option to purchase Cloud sync for $4.99. The univeral version is $4.99 and automatically includes Cloud sync.

The good

• Simple design
• Two font options
• Move tasks between lists with just one tap
• Cloud sync available for $4.99

The bad

• Soon and Someday lists would be a great addition

The bottom line

If there was an Olympic competition in procrastination, I'd hold the gold medal, and it feels like Do it (Tomorrow) was designed specifically for me. No due dates; no annoying alarms that make me feel guilty. Just two simple lists of what I need to do today and tomorrow... and the ability to push things back to "tomorrow" indefinitely.

• Free for iPhone - Download now
• $4.99 for iPhone and iPad (includes sync) - Download now

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/TheIphoneBlog/~3/8Y_ZjB6OMYA/story01.htm

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SAfrica: Mandela daughter talks about her father

In this Friday, May 24, 2013 image made from AP Video, former South African President Nelson Mandela's daughter Makaziwe Mandela, speaks to the Associated Press, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Nelson Mandela, in the twilight of life, doesn't talk much anymore, his eldest daughter says. But the former South African president, who wrote of his regret at being unable to devote himself to his family during the fight against apartheid and afterward, reaches out in another way. (AP Photo/AP Video)

In this Friday, May 24, 2013 image made from AP Video, former South African President Nelson Mandela's daughter Makaziwe Mandela, speaks to the Associated Press, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Nelson Mandela, in the twilight of life, doesn't talk much anymore, his eldest daughter says. But the former South African president, who wrote of his regret at being unable to devote himself to his family during the fight against apartheid and afterward, reaches out in another way. (AP Photo/AP Video)

In this Friday, May 24, 2013 image made from AP Video, former South African President Nelson Mandela's daughter Makaziwe Mandela, speaks to the Associated Press, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Nelson Mandela, in the twilight of life, doesn't talk much anymore, his eldest daughter says. But the former South African president, who wrote of his regret at being unable to devote himself to his family during the fight against apartheid and afterward, reaches out in another way. (AP Photo/AP Video)

In this Friday, May 24, 2013 image made from AP Video, former South African President Nelson Mandela's daughter Makaziwe Mandela, speaks to the Associated Press, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Nelson Mandela, in the twilight of life, doesn't talk much anymore, his eldest daughter says. But the former South African president, who wrote of his regret at being unable to devote himself to his family during the fight against apartheid and afterward, reaches out in another way. (AP Photo/AP Video)

In this Friday, May 24, 2013 image made from AP Video, former South African President Nelson Mandela's daughter Makaziwe Mandela, right, during an interview with the Associated Press, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Nelson Mandela, in the twilight of life, doesn't talk much anymore, his eldest daughter says. But the former South African president, who wrote of his regret at being unable to devote himself to his family during the fight against apartheid and afterward, reaches out in another way. (AP Photo/AP Video)

JOHANNESBURG (AP) ? Nelson Mandela, in the twilight of life, doesn't talk much anymore, his eldest daughter says. But the former South African president, who wrote of his regret at being unable to devote himself to his family during the fight against apartheid and afterward, reaches out in another way.

"It's the hand that he stretches out. It is the touching of the hand that speaks volumes for me. And for me, if you ask me what I would treasure, it is this moment that I treasure with my father," said Makaziwe Mandela, the oldest of Mandela's three surviving children, all daughters. "It means, 'My child, I'm here.' It means to me that, 'I'm here. I love you. I care.'"

It could be the story of any family, this intimate encounter between an elderly parent beset by illness and a child with whom relations have, over many decades, been challenging or negligible. That the couple's communication has become so elemental also sheds light on the fragile state of a larger-than-life figure, revered for his sacrifice during 27 years as a prisoner of apartheid and his peacemaking role in South Africa's shift to a democracy inclusive of all races.

"My Dad has not been in good, perfect health over the past month. And he has good days and he has bad days," Makaziwe Mandela said Friday in an exclusive interview with The Associated Press in her home, where a bust of her father, made from bronze and the wood of a railway tie, sits on a piano in the foyer.

One of those bad days was April 29, when state television broadcast footage of a visit by President Jacob Zuma and other leaders of the ruling African National Congress to Mandela, who had helmed the ANC, at his Johannesburg home. Zuma said Mandela was in good shape, but the footage ? the first public images of Mandela in nearly a year ? showed him silent and unresponsive, even when Zuma tried to hold his hand.

Makaziwe Mandela said her family is grateful that the "movement," as she refers to the ANC leadership, still visits her father. The broadcasting of the video, however, was unfortunate, she said. Critics allege the ANC was trying to score political points by its association with Mandela. The party fiercely denies it.

"In previous visits, there was no need to take a picture. What happened this time, I don't know," said Makaziwe, a 59-year-old founder of a South African winemaking company that highlights two centuries of the family's distinguished lineage in its branding. She is one of four children from her father's first marriage to Evelyn Mase, which ended in divorce. The other three died ? one in infancy, one in a car crash and one from an AIDS-related illness.

Makaziwe said the "dignity and privacy" of her father, also a father to the nation, is sometimes under threat, complaining that 20 journalists one day in May converged on her father's home, where he receives medical treatment, after an ambulance left to fetch medicine from a hospital.

"This is really utter madness," she said. "This thing that everybody has got to be the first one to hear when Nelson Mandela goes, it's not right. All of you will have your opportunity. You will get the news from the presidency at the right time."

During Mandela's recent hospitalization for pneumonia, which ended April 6, Zuma's office issued brief, regular updates on his health. On some past occasions, conflicting reports from the government contributed to mistrust between authorities and the media.

Fascination with Mandela stems from the sense that he is on a par with others whose human shortcomings were overshadowed by their contributions to humanity, including Indian independence hero Mohandas Gandhi and American civil rights leader Martin Luther King.

South Africa has held peaceful elections and is a major economic force in Africa, but struggles with high unemployment, crime and corruption. Nelson Mandela embodies a morality and unity of purpose that makes South Africans nostalgic for an earlier era of promise.

"He has something that people gravitate to, that they can hold to, that gives them hope," said Makaziwe Mandela, comparing him to Mother Teresa. "That's what Nelson Mandela has done, is to give people a better hope that, 'I can be somebody. Life today can be better than yesterday.'"

Makaziwe's home is in a comfortable suburb of Johannesburg that, as she pointed out, was barred to blacks in the apartheid era. Sculptures ? a gift from Gabon, presents brought by a son returning from Sweden ? lined a mantelpiece in the carpeted living room where she sat for the interview. Her daughter, Tukwini, worked in a nearby room on the "House of Mandela" wine business, which launched this year in the United States.

The Mandela name has lost some shine because of a legal dispute over control of two companies that pits Makaziwe and Zenani Dlamini, a daughter from Mandela's second marriage to Winnie Mandela, against old associates of the Nobel Peace prize laureate, who has withdrawn from public life. The firms, directed by associates who say they were appointed at Mandela's request, hold funds from the sale of handprint artwork by Mandela that is earmarked for eventual distribution to his family.

In the AP interview, Makaziwe Mandela would not discuss the court case.

She talked about the strain and stress of losing her siblings and having a charismatic father whose devotion to justice and equality came at the expense of his children.

"I'm sure now, in his twilight years, that he looks back and says, 'You know, I could have done that differently,'" Makaziwe said. "He has regrets in life, mostly about his family. He was not there as a father. He tried the best way that he could when he came out of jail. But you understand that my father came out of jail and was swallowed up even before he became president. He never really had the time to truly be a father."

In his autobiography "Long Walk to Freedom," Nelson Mandela wrote wistfully of his inability to fulfill his role as a husband to Winnie Mandela during his incarceration, which ended in 1990. The couple divorced in 1996. He is now married to Graca Machel, the former first lady of Mozambique.

"When your life is the struggle, as mine was, there is little room left for family. That has always been my greatest regret, and the most painful aspect of the choice I made," Mandela wrote.

Makaziwe Mandela said she relates to actress Jane Fonda, who wrote in a memoir about her troubled relationship with her father, actor Henry Fonda. "On Golden Pond," the 1981 movie that starred both Fondas, also offered a bittersweet lesson in how a child can reach out to an elderly parent, even one who didn't, or couldn't, do enough.

"It is me who has to make an effort, to bridge the gap," Makaziwe said. "To be there."

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/cae69a7523db45408eeb2b3a98c0c9c5/Article_2013-05-28-South%20Africa-Mandela's%20Daughter/id-5d14da0fe0a04aadbf6fe5debbc98b00

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Need Home Improvement Advice? Try These Great Ideas ...

May 28th, 2013 by abnAdmin

A home improvement project can be difficult if you do not know how to do it. If you are unclear about how to get started planning your project, take a look at these ideas for getting things off the ground properly.

Look out for sales on carpet installations at your local home stores. Some stores will offer free installation to boost their carpet sales. When you see this type of sale, it?s time to move as often full-priced installation can cost more than the carpet itself.

TIP! It is very crucial to replace the air filters. This will bring in healthier air and keep your air conditioners and heaters running efficiently.

You should always keep your air conditioner filter changed. Whenever the filter is dirty, your air conditioner will be forced to work harder in order to keep a cool home. As a result, more energy will be used, which means more money will be coming out of your pocket. The unit will also run for a longer period of time. You should change your filter at least once a month to prevent buildup.

Use empty two-liter bottles as storage containers for your kitchen. They are transparent and will preserve your dry goods. You can put them in the freezer or even in the fridge. It?s even simple when you need to pour out the contents in that all you need to do is twist off the cap.

Safety should be a top concern when improving your house. There is always an element of danger when working with power tools so make sure you are fully aware of what you are doing. You can find good tutorials online that will help you with your tasks.

TIP! When doing home improvement, watch the highly visible improvements. Potential buyers will go by what they can see, so you need to do what you can to make your house presentable enough to sell.

There are many options that you have when replacing a lock. This part actually does the locking. If your keys are lost, a cylinder replacement is a simple one. If, however, you are wanting to improve your home?s security or change the look, you will need to replace the whole locking unit.

You should make a list of everything you need before heading out to a home improvement store. Making a list of all the items you need to purchase ensures that you will not need to make multiple trips to the store and also helps to keep you organized.

Proper planning ensures that your home improvement project will go more smoothly. It is impossible to be cost and time efficient on home improvement projects without adequate planning, and disaster will probably be the result. When you plan ahead, you can complete your project quickly and easily.

TIP! Your family will be safer if you create escape routes that they are aware of. People are likely to panic in the event of a traumatic incident.

Remember to include landscaping in your home improvement plans. When people come to see your house, they will notice your front yard first, so it will pay to have a nice lawn. So make sure that you always fix up the front of your home and its landscape so that your home has nice curb appeal.

Keep your young children safe by padding the corners of your furniture. Corner protectors and foam tape are available to minimize those sharp corners and edges. As well, tape down any loose wiring, which could strangle your child.

If you feel you need to spruce up your living room, add a bold print to give it some style and personality. Try adding leopard or zebra print to your living room in the form of an accessory such as a small area rug, chair cushion, wall art or decorative pillow.

TIP! Make the most of an outdoor living space. Extend your living space to include part of the backyard.

An excellent investment for all homes is soundproofing the interior walls. Sound proofing is very expensive and therefore not an economical choice for many home owners. Bedrooms, bathrooms and equipment rooms are the most vital rooms to soundproof. The kitchen is a great area for soundproofing, unless the kitchen opens to a lot of areas.

When you want to put in new cabinets, try wooden ones. They are not only strong, but can withstand the test of time. Cabinets are commonly made of maple, cherry and oak. They all accept wood stains, and therefore it is quite simple to adjust their color.

Have an electrician install an electrical outlet in the cabinet above where you are going to have your microwave installed. This will allow you to hide the cord needed to plug your microwave into the outlet. An easy thing like that will eliminate hanging cords in the kitchen.

TIP! Use old baby food jars to add organization to your workspace. You can use screws or super glue to attach these jars underneath a shelf.

By using this home improvement advice, you?ll be fully aware of what it takes to successfully complete your project. Also, you can find out exactly what needs to be done to make sure the project is successfully completed.

If you're new here, you may want to subscribe to my RSS feed. Thanks for visiting!

Tags:fully aware,improvement advice,improvement project

Source: http://understanding-real-estate.com/homes/home-improvement-homes/need-home-improvement-advice-try-these-great-ideas

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'Now You See Me' brings magicians to the summer movie season

'Now You See Me,' starring Morgan Freeman, Mark Ruffalo, Isla Fisher, and others, will come to theaters May 31.

By Molly Driscoll,?Staff Writer / May 27, 2013

'Now You See Me' stars (from left) Jesse Eisenberg, Dave Franco, Isla Fisher, and Woody Harrelson.

Barry Wetcher/Summit Entertainment/AP

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By now, an inextricable part of the summer (yes, even early May counts as part of the summer movie season now) movie hoopla is massive marketing campaigns. By the time I got to the theater to see ?The Avengers? last summer, I felt like I?d heard half of Robert Downey Jr.?s snarky one-liners already in endless TV ads.?

But this movie ?Now You See Me,? starring actors such as Morgan Freeman, Jesse Eisenberg, Isla Fisher, Woody Harrelson, Mark Ruffalo, and Michael Caine as, variously, a team of bank-robbing magicians and the authorities trying to discover their secrets, comes out May 31 and I recently found the trailer online having only vaguely heard of the movie. It may be that the ?Iron Man 3?/?Great Gatsby?/?Star Trek? noise was merely drowning it out, but this movie seems to have been a quiet summer release so far.

Which is a shame, because the trailer looks intriguing and the cast is top-notch. It?ll be Fisher?s second appearance in a summer movie after she played mistress Myrtle Wilson in director Baz Luhrmann?s ?Gatsby,? and Harrelson is coming off his well-reviewed turn in the first ?Hunger Games? movie. Freeman just starred in Tom Cruise?s (tepidly received) sci-fi movie ?Oblivion.?

As has been remarked by others, I kept being reminded of director Christopher Nolan?s magicians movie ?The Prestige? when watching the trailer for ?Now,? what with Michael Caine starring in both movies and a sequence in the ?Now? trailer when a woman gets trapped in a water tank, which also occurs in ?Prestige.? But considering ?Prestige? was the last big magicians movie, that?s probably inevitable. And there are worse comparisons ? the meticulously plotted film starring Christian Bale and Hugh Jackman was entertaining and contained a heck of a twist ending.

Check out the trailer for ?Now.?

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/CE78upq3cig/Now-You-See-Me-brings-magicians-to-the-summer-movie-season

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Summer guide: College monsters, Beyonce tour

By Gael Fashingbauer Cooper, NBC News

Sure, your favorite season might be winter, for the snow sports and the holidays, or autumn for the leaves, or spring for the sense of renewal. Bag that. No season can win our hearts like summer, with its long days, warm nights, beach trips, drive-in movies, picnics and vacation getaways. Even if you don't get a summer vacation anymore, there's something about the season that begins with Memorial Day and runs through Labor Day that just screams fun.?Here's a quick look at some of the summer entertainment that will be filling the next three months.

Pixar, AMC, Universal

Summer events include "Monsters University," the return of "Breaking Bad," and Beyonce on tour.

?

Movies: 'Monsters' enroll in college, Superman flies again
Summer's always an exploding popcorn machine of movie joy. Don't expect Oscar material in these sunbaked months, just escape to the air-conditioned multiplex and a good old blockbuster or two. If you've got kids in tow, look ahead to "Monsters University" (June 21), where the scarers from "Monsters Inc." go to college, and cute "Turbo" (July 19), featuring a slowpoke snail who dreams of racing in the Indy 500. If superheroes are your thing, Superman flies again in "Man of Steel" (June 14) and Wolverine's claws come out again in "The Wolverine" on July 24. And other summer flicks include Brad Pitt fighting a global zombie invasion in "World War Z" and Sandra Bullock and Melissa McCarthy as cop buddies in "The Heat." See our list of?11 great summer movies?for more.

Live music: Both of Blue Ivy's parents go on tour
If live music's your thing, there's no better season than summer to catch a concert tour or festival.?Justin Timberlake and Jay-Z?will be the best-dressed touring musicians out there with their "Legends of the Summer Tour,"?which begins July 13 in Toronto and powers right on through February. And Jay-Z's better half,?Beyonce, made headlines already in the European part of the?Mrs.?Carter?Show?World?Tour.?She had to cancel a show, and the inevitable pregnancy rumors were sparked (Jay-Z denied them). She'll hit the U.S. beginning June 28 in L.A. and end in New York on Aug. 5. If Bon Jovi's your man, the Jersey boy's "Because We Can" tour comes to America July 12 with a Chicago show and rocks the East Coast through the dog days of July. And?if?you?like?your?music?a?bit?retro,?Chicago,?Fleetwood?Mac and Yes?are?all?touring?this?summer --?sadly,?not?together.

Kevin Winter / Getty Images

Black Sabbath has a new album coming -- and Ozzy's on it.

Albums: Ozzy is back with Sabbath, Kanye's mysterious album
If you can't make it out to a concert, mark your calendar with the release dates of these long-awaited summer albums. On June 11, Black Sabbath will release "13," its first album with Ozzy Osbourne in 35 years. Kanye West has been mysterious about his album's release date (and its title), but a tweet of "June Eighteen"?has many believing "Yeezus" is coming out that day -- unless that's just the due date for his baby with Kim Kardashian. Others to note: Queens of the Stone Age's "...Like Clockwork" (June 4), Bret Michaels' "Jammin' With Friends" (June 24), John Legend's "Love in the Future" (June 25).

TV: Summer's not just for reruns any more, right, Walter White?
Summer TV used to be all reruns and baseball games, but no more. Plenty of shows start up new seasons in the summer months, and some of them are highly anticipated. If reality competitions are your thing, find out if "America's Got Talent" when that show returns to NBC June 4, or start spying on the "Big Brother" housemates starting June 26 on CBS. Prefer your summer TV with a chaser of O Negative? HBO vampire drama "True Blood" is back June 16, and equally bloody serial-killer series "Dexter"?is back on Showtime June 30. Stephen King fans can see how his giant book, "Under the Dome," makes the leap to TV on June 24 on CBS. But perhaps the most-awaited series of the summer comes back on Aug. 11 when chemistry teacher-turned-meth-maker Walter White and "Breaking Bad" return to AMC. (For a full schedule of summer shows, click here.)

Random House

Dan Brown's "Inferno" takes readers into Dante's vision of hell.

Books: Not hot enough? Dan Brown takes readers to Dante's 'Inferno'
One of the hottest summer reads is already out -- "Da Vinci Code" author Dan Brown has just published "Inferno," in which symbologist Robert Langdon must wrestle with the secrets of Dante's journey through hell. And if you know and love "The Glass Castle" by Jeannette Walls (former gossip columnist for this site), you'll want to look for her new heartbreaking novel, "The Silver Star," due out June 11. If "The Devil Wears Prada" was a beach read for you in 2004, slather up that Coppertone -- the sequel, "Revenge Wears Prada: The Devil Returns," is out June 4.

Home video: We're off to see the Wizard
If it's too hot, or too muggy, or too whatever to go out, you can spend your summer nights vegging on the couch with new DVDs (or Blu-ray, if that's your thing). If your kids have worn out your copy of "The Wizard of Oz," you might travel the yellow brick road to "Oz the Great and Powerful" when it comes out June 11 -- but fair warning, the flying monkeys are even scarier in this version. If you lack HBO but want to get caught up on the Aaron Sorkin-created show "The Newsroom," the first season comes to home video June 11 too. And the working drones at Dunder-Mifflin wrapped up their series this year, you can relive their crazy workplace with the ninth and final season of "The Office," due out Aug. 13.

Source: http://entertainment.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/24/18468669-monsters-in-college-beyonce-on-tour-summer-entertainment-kicks-into-gear

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PRESS DIGEST - Sunday British business - May 26

LONDON, May 26 (Reuters) - British newspapers reported the

following business stories on Sunday:

The Sunday Times:

FOUNDERS TO GRAB ENRC ON THE CHEAP

Kazakhmys, the largest investor in ENRC,

has fallen in behind a 3.3 billion pound ($5 billion) takeover

bid for the FTSE 100-listed miner, all but ensuring its success

despite protests from independent directors.

VULTURE FUNDS SWOOP ON AILING YELLOW PAGES

Wall Street vulture funds are homing in on a debt-for-equity

takeover of Hibu, the struggling owner of Britain's

Yellow Pages, according to the Sunday Times.

MCDONALD'S IN BID TO SWALLOW LITTLE CHEF

Fast food firms McDonald's and KFC have

tabled bids to take over Britain's roadside dining chain Little

Chef, according to the Sunday Times.

Whitbread's Costa Coffee is also in the hunt for the

group put up for sale by turnaround specialists R Capital last

month, according to the newspaper. None of the bidders are

expected to keep the Little Chef name.

CENTRICA THREATENS TO DITCH WIND FARM

British Gas owner Centrica has threatened to ditch

plans for a 2 billion pound ($3 billion) wind farm off Britain's

east coast unless the government meets its demands for hundreds

of millions of pounds in subsidies, the Sunday Times said.

SERCO TILTS AT LEGAL AID BONANZA

British outsourcing firm Serco could bid for

government contracts to arrange legal representation for

defendants in criminal trials, according to the Sunday Times.

LOSS-MAKING GUARDIAN TO RAISE CASH FROM TECH SALE

Guardian Media Group, the owner of The Guardian

newspaper, is sounding out potential buyers for a 20 million

pound ($30.28 million) sale of its property software arm, GMG

Property Services, according to the Sunday Times.

DIAGEO BOSS CALLS TIME WITH 50 MLN STG

Outgoing Diageo chief executive Paul Walsh will

leave the world's biggest spirits producer with a package that

could be worth close to 50 million pounds ($75.69 million),

according to the Sunday Times.

CO-OP ON RACK OVER BANK ASSETS

The future of the Co-operative Bank may not be

resolved for more than a month as talks about filling a black

hole in its finances drag on, according to the Sunday Times.

The Sunday Telegraph:

FUNDS LINE UP 5 BLN STG BID FOR SEVERN TRENT

A consortium led by Canadian investor Borealis

Infrastructure is planning a second bid for Severn Trent

before the June 11 "put up or shut up" deadline, The Sunday

Telegraph said, citing senior figures close to the consortium.

The revised offer for the British water company is likely to

be in the region of 20 to 21 pounds, valuing it just shy of 5

billion pounds ($7.57 billion).

NEW CO-OP CHIEF TO TACKLE BANKING ISSUES WITH BOARD

Euan Sutherland, the new chief executive of the Co-Operative

Group, is to brief his board on the full extent of

the problems at its banking arm for the first time on Friday,

after holding "reassuring" talks with the banking regulator.

Sutherland will indicate that a plan to reduce the bank's

capital shortfall will be in place by the end of June, the

Sunday Telegraph understands.

FIRSTGROUP CEO OFFERED TO QUIT OVER SURPRISE RIGHTS ISSUE

FirstGroup chief executive Tim O'Toole offered to

resign from the rail and bus company before it announced its

controversial 615 million pound ($931 million) rights issue last

Monday, according to sources close to the firm.

O'Toole did not tender his resignation formally but did make

it clear that he would be prepared to take responsibility for

the rights issue which has led to a 43 percent slide in

FirstGroup's share price since Monday.

ENRC CALLS FOR VALUATION AS IT BRACES FOR SECOND BID

The chairman of ENRC's independent committee has

asked its advisers Lazard and Credit Suisse to individually

assess the value of the mining group ahead of an expected second

bid from a consortium led by the company's founders, according

to the Sunday Telegraph.

CITI TOWER CHANGES HANDS IN BLN STG DEAL

The Citi Tower, one of the largest buildings in London's

Canary Wharf, has been sold to Middle Eastern investment fund

AGC Equity Partners for 1 billion pounds ($1.51 billion), with

Ireland's "bad bank" NAMA receiving around 333 million pounds of

the proceeds, according to the Sunday Telegraph.

GOOGLE: UK MUST "FIX" TAX POLICIES IF IT WANTS MORE CASH

Google chief executive Eric Schmidt has called on

the British government to "fix" its policies if it wants global

companies to pay more tax.

CVC PLANS $290 MLN PAYOUT AFTER FLOAT

CVC Capital, the private equity firm that controls

Formula One, is planning to pay a dividend of about $290 million

after the motorsport company lists its shares on the Singapore

stock exchange, according to a source close to the company.

Independent on Sunday:

RYANAIR'S DREAM TO BE GROUNDED

Ryanair will be told this week by a competition

watchdog to sell around half of its 30 percent stake in

Ireland's national flag carrier Aer Lingus, according

to the Independent on Sunday.

Sunday Express:

PENSIONS MERGER FOR PUBLIC SECTOR

More than 4 million public sector workers could find their

pension funds merged into one 150 billion pound ($227 billion)

super-scheme, according to the Sunday Express.

Local government minister Brandon Lewis is to launch a

consultation on merging the 89 local authority defined-benefit

pension schemes in England and Wales into a handful of schemes

or one super sized fund.

Mail on Sunday:

PUBS SET TO SUE COALITION OVER BEER SALES SHAKE-UP

British pub firms have threatened to sue the government in

European courts if it presses ahead with plans to reform the

industry by forcing companies to loosen their control over

tenants, the Mail on Sunday said, citing pub firm Enterprise

Inns and another source.

TREASURY STARTS HUNT FOR CHIEF TO SELL UK'S BANK STAKES

Britain's chancellor George Osborne has appointed headhunter

Spencer Stuart to find a banking expert to handle the sale of

taxpayers' stakes in Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds

.

BAILED-OUT BANKS 'FOUGHT REGULATOR OVER CRISIS FUNDS'

Royal Bank of Scotland was 'dragged kicking and

screaming' by the regulator to sell assets to help strengthen

its emergency reserves while Lloyds 'dragged its feet',

according to sources close to the talks.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/press-digest-sunday-british-business-may-26-120216784.html

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News you can use! : Revelstoke Current

Posted by editor on May 24, 2013 ? Leave a Comment?

Special event promotes kids? health ? en anglais et fran?ais

The city?s Francophone school, L??cole des Glaciers, is inviting all members of the community to a special event on Wednesday, May 29, in the Arrow Heights Elementary School gymnasium at 6 pm.

(1950 Park Drive) at 6 pm.

?That?s when La Grande Travers?e group of cyclists will make a bilingual presentation about their national campaign to promote student health,? says Chantale Desmarais told The Current.

?Come and join us!?

The presentation will be bilingual.

?I was the Vice Principal and Coordinator of the International Baccalaureate program at both Rose-des-Vents Elementary School, and Jules-Verne, a new secondary school within the Francophone School Board (CSF) of British Columbia,? Grande Travers?e founder Laurent Brisebois said on the group?s website.

?I found myself fortunate to be able to work in schools with such great students and parents. However, I soon found there was still something missing. It was at that time I made it my goal to promote and implement the following: improve student health and fitness by teaching and promoting healthy habits, as well as to motivate students to get involved in the development of their francophone school environment and cultural enrichment.?

Click here to learn more ? in French and English!

***

Blues caravan concert is cancelled

For reasons beyond her control, Performing Arts Centre Manager Miriam Manley says Saturday night?s Blues Caravan concert has been cancelled.

?For people with tickets they can take them to ArtFirst! for a full refund, or hang on to their tickets and exchange them for one of our concerts next season,? she said in an e-mail to The Current.

***

Columbia Basin Trust keen to hear your views

What are the challenges in your region? How can these challenges be addressed? CBT wants to hear what you feel are the key social, economic and environmental issues in your region, and invites you to have your say at www.cbt.org/engagement2013 by June 3.

?Over the coming months, CBT is renewing its social, economic and environmental strategic plans,? CBT President ande CEO Neil Muth said in a statement. ?We invite everyone to share their thoughts and ideas to ensure we are considering a wide variety of opinions as we, and others, plan for the years to come.?

This engagement has two steps. First, residents will have an opportunity to respond to six open-ended questions. Next, in a few weeks, participants will be asked to review thoughts and ideas from other residents and assign ?stars? to the ideas they like best. Participant information remains confidential. Finally, CBT will share a final report with all participants.

CBT will be piloting an online engagement tool called THOUGHTstream. An evolution of the typical survey, this tool allows people to contribute individual thoughts on an issue and then arrive at a shared understanding by collectively prioritizing those thoughts.

?This online tool is as easy to use as email, making it accessible to a majority of Basin residents, which means broad public engagement can be done meaningfully and cost-effectively,? Muth said. ?This is an opportunity to nurture mutual understanding?for us to learn from residents and for residents to learn from each other.?

To have your say, visit www.cbt.org/engagement2013. Input is welcome until Sunday, June 3, 2013.

***

BC Hydro to provide info about its dams and reservoir water levels?

BC Hydro is hosting an open house to provide information about the operation of its Columbia facilities, in particular Revelstoke and Hugh Keenleyside dams as well as about the expected Arrow Lakes, Revelstoke and Kinbasket reservoirs? water levels during the summer of 2013.

Information will also be available about its capital projects and Columbia River Water Use Plan programs and projects in the area.

The open house is to be held this Monday, May 27, at the Community Centre from 4 until 7 pm.

***

Court House roof to be repaired this summer

City Council has awarded a contract to repair the leaky court house roof to a company called Mid-City which had the lowest bid ? $200,245.00 + GST ? for this project.

Two other companies, Flynn Canada and Objective, had bids of $298,651.00 + GST and $298,178.00 + GST, respectively.

Copper was the preferred option for the roof dome repair when Council originally discussed it last year. However, due to budget constraints the Kemper cold process, liquid applied waterproofing membrane was selected. The color cool mint was selected which resembles the copper patina. Warranty on the Kemper product is 20 years, with a life expectancy of 35 + years.

The repairs are expected to be completed by June 15.

***

Council approves the 2013 City budget

City Council has approved the 2013 City Budget. All Councillors except Tony Scarcella approved the document.

The budget foresees expenditures of about $20.8 million and revenues of about $22 million.

Click here to read the full budget.

***

No room at the inn for the Theatre Company

A request by the Revelstoke Theatre Company that it be permitted to store backdrops, props and other materials at the Centure-Vallens Building has been turned down by City Council.

A report to Council said the building is the largest and most central storage space the City has for storage by the Parks Department, Aquatic Centre, and

The City has received a number of requests over the years by groups to use this storage area and Public Works even budgeted for a new storage building when the old Centennial Pool building was demolished a few years ago. However, that budget item was rejected by Council. The cost of building a new storage building for the City would cost between $75,000 and $100,000, the report said.

***

Report explores threats to our drinking water

Residents Robin Brooks-Hill and Virginia Thompson talk with the Columbia Basin Trust?s Jeff Zukiwsky (left), Revelstoke Environmental Coordinator Penny Page-Brittin (left center) and Patti Amison of Golder Associates (right) about the recent Greeley Creek Source Protection Plan, during an open house last week. David F. Rooney photo

?Click here to read the full report on potential threats to our drinking water and ways to beat them.

***

?New to Canada? Don?t know where to turn for child care? This workshop can help!

Revelstoke Settlement Services is holding a workshop intended to introduce immigrants to the wide range of child-care services available in Revelstoke.?The workshop is to be held on Thursday, May 10, from 10 am until 11 am at Begbie View Elementary School located at 1001 MacKenzie Avenue.

This is a free workshop and childcare will be provided with very young children. Juice and cookies will be provided after the workshop.

?

Source: http://www.revelstokecurrent.com/2013/05/24/news-you-can-use-6/

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'Should I stay or should I go?' CSHL scientists link brain cell types to behavior

Public release date: 26-May-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Peter Tarr
tarr@cshl.edu
516-367-8455
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

The activity of 2 specific neuron types correlates with foraging decisions in mice

Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. You are sitting on your couch flipping through TV channels trying to decide whether to stay put or get up for a snack. Such everyday decisions about whether to "stay" or to "go" are supported by a brain region called the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is part of the prefrontal cortex. Neuroscientists from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) have now identified key circuit elements that contribute to such decisions in the ACC.

CSHL Associate Professor Adam Kepecs and his team today publish results that, for the first time, link specific brain cell types to a particular behavior pattern in mice a "stay or go" pattern called foraging behavior. The paper, published online in Nature, shows that the firing of two distinct types of inhibitory neurons, known as somatostatin (SOM) and parvalbumin (PV) neurons, has a strong correlation with the start and end of a period of foraging behavior.

Linking specific neuronal types to well-defined behaviors has proved extremely difficult. "There's a big gap in our knowledge between our understanding of neuron types in terms of their physical location and their place in any given neural circuit, and what these neurons actually do during behavior," says Kepecs.

Part of the problem is the technical challenge of doing these studies in live, freely behaving mice. Key to solving that problem is a mouse model developed in the laboratory of CSHL Professor Z. Josh Huang. The mouse has a genetic modification that allows investigators to target a specific population of neurons with any protein of interest.

Kepecs' group, led by postdocs Duda Kvitsiani and Sachin Ranade, used this mouse to label specific neuron types in the ACC with a light-activated protein a technique known as optogenetic tagging. Whenever they shone light onto the brains of the mice they were recording from, only the tagged PV and SOM neurons responded promptly with a 'spike' in their activity, enabling the researchers to pick them out from the vast diversity of cellular responses seen at any given moment.

The team recorded neural activity in the ACC of these mice while they engaged in foraging behavior. They discovered that the PV and SOM inhibitory neurons responded around the time of the foraging decisions -- in other words whether to stay and drink or go and explore elsewhere. Specifically, when the mice entered an area where they could collect a water reward, SOM inhibitory neurons shut down and entered a period of low-level activity, thereby opening a 'gate' for information to flow in to ACC. When the mice decided to leave that area and look elsewhere, PV inhibitory neurons fired and abruptly reset cell activity.

"The brain is complex and continuously active, so it makes sense that these two types of inhibitory interneurons define the boundaries of a behavior such as foraging, opening and then closing the 'gate' within a particular neural circuit through changes in their activity," says Kepecs.

This is an important advance, addressing a problem in behavioral neuroscience that scientists call "the cortical response zoo." When researchers record neural activity in cortex during behavior, and they don't know which type of neurons they are recording from, a bewildering array of responses is seen. This greatly complicates the task of interpretation. Hence the significance of the Kepecs team's results, for the first time showing that specific cortical neuron types can be linked to specific aspects of behavior.

"We think about the brain and behavior in terms of levels; what the cell types are and the circuits or networks they form; which regions of the brain they are in; and what behavior is modulated by them," explains Kepecs. "By observing that the activity of specific cell types in the prefrontal cortex is correlated with a behavioral period, we have identified a link between these levels."

###

"Distinct behavioural and network correlates of two interneuron types in prefrontal cortex" is published online in Nature on May 26, 2013. The authors are: D. Kvitsiani, S. Ranade, B. Hangya, H. Taniguchi, Z. J. Huang, A. Kepecs. The paper can be obtained online at doi:10.1038/nature12176.

The research described in this release was supported by the following grants and funding agencies: Sloan, Whitehall and Klingenstein Foundations to A.K. and the NIH NINDS (NS075531). B.H. received support from the Swartz Foundation and Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship within the EU Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (2007-2013). D.K. received support from The Robert Lee and Clara Guthrie Patterson Trust Postdoctoral Fellowship and Human Frontier Science Program (2008-2011).

About Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Founded in 1890, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) has shaped contemporary biomedical research and education with programs in cancer, neuroscience, plant biology and quantitative biology. CSHL is ranked number one in the world by Thomson Reuters for impact of its research in molecular biology and genetics. The Laboratory has been home to eight Nobel Prize winners. Today, CSHL's multidisciplinary scientific community is more than 600 researchers and technicians strong and its Meetings & Courses program hosts more than 12,000 scientists from around the world each year to its Long Island campus and its China center. Tens of thousands more benefit from the research, reviews, and ideas published in journals and books distributed internationally by CSHL Press. The Laboratory's education arm also includes a graduate school and programs for undergraduates as well as middle and high school students and teachers. CSHL is a private, not-for-profit institution on the north shore of Long Island. For more information, visit http://www.cshl.edu.

Written by: Edward Brydon Ph.D., Science Writer | ebrydon@cshl.edu | 516-367-8455

---

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?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 26-May-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Peter Tarr
tarr@cshl.edu
516-367-8455
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

The activity of 2 specific neuron types correlates with foraging decisions in mice

Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. You are sitting on your couch flipping through TV channels trying to decide whether to stay put or get up for a snack. Such everyday decisions about whether to "stay" or to "go" are supported by a brain region called the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is part of the prefrontal cortex. Neuroscientists from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) have now identified key circuit elements that contribute to such decisions in the ACC.

CSHL Associate Professor Adam Kepecs and his team today publish results that, for the first time, link specific brain cell types to a particular behavior pattern in mice a "stay or go" pattern called foraging behavior. The paper, published online in Nature, shows that the firing of two distinct types of inhibitory neurons, known as somatostatin (SOM) and parvalbumin (PV) neurons, has a strong correlation with the start and end of a period of foraging behavior.

Linking specific neuronal types to well-defined behaviors has proved extremely difficult. "There's a big gap in our knowledge between our understanding of neuron types in terms of their physical location and their place in any given neural circuit, and what these neurons actually do during behavior," says Kepecs.

Part of the problem is the technical challenge of doing these studies in live, freely behaving mice. Key to solving that problem is a mouse model developed in the laboratory of CSHL Professor Z. Josh Huang. The mouse has a genetic modification that allows investigators to target a specific population of neurons with any protein of interest.

Kepecs' group, led by postdocs Duda Kvitsiani and Sachin Ranade, used this mouse to label specific neuron types in the ACC with a light-activated protein a technique known as optogenetic tagging. Whenever they shone light onto the brains of the mice they were recording from, only the tagged PV and SOM neurons responded promptly with a 'spike' in their activity, enabling the researchers to pick them out from the vast diversity of cellular responses seen at any given moment.

The team recorded neural activity in the ACC of these mice while they engaged in foraging behavior. They discovered that the PV and SOM inhibitory neurons responded around the time of the foraging decisions -- in other words whether to stay and drink or go and explore elsewhere. Specifically, when the mice entered an area where they could collect a water reward, SOM inhibitory neurons shut down and entered a period of low-level activity, thereby opening a 'gate' for information to flow in to ACC. When the mice decided to leave that area and look elsewhere, PV inhibitory neurons fired and abruptly reset cell activity.

"The brain is complex and continuously active, so it makes sense that these two types of inhibitory interneurons define the boundaries of a behavior such as foraging, opening and then closing the 'gate' within a particular neural circuit through changes in their activity," says Kepecs.

This is an important advance, addressing a problem in behavioral neuroscience that scientists call "the cortical response zoo." When researchers record neural activity in cortex during behavior, and they don't know which type of neurons they are recording from, a bewildering array of responses is seen. This greatly complicates the task of interpretation. Hence the significance of the Kepecs team's results, for the first time showing that specific cortical neuron types can be linked to specific aspects of behavior.

"We think about the brain and behavior in terms of levels; what the cell types are and the circuits or networks they form; which regions of the brain they are in; and what behavior is modulated by them," explains Kepecs. "By observing that the activity of specific cell types in the prefrontal cortex is correlated with a behavioral period, we have identified a link between these levels."

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"Distinct behavioural and network correlates of two interneuron types in prefrontal cortex" is published online in Nature on May 26, 2013. The authors are: D. Kvitsiani, S. Ranade, B. Hangya, H. Taniguchi, Z. J. Huang, A. Kepecs. The paper can be obtained online at doi:10.1038/nature12176.

The research described in this release was supported by the following grants and funding agencies: Sloan, Whitehall and Klingenstein Foundations to A.K. and the NIH NINDS (NS075531). B.H. received support from the Swartz Foundation and Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship within the EU Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (2007-2013). D.K. received support from The Robert Lee and Clara Guthrie Patterson Trust Postdoctoral Fellowship and Human Frontier Science Program (2008-2011).

About Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Founded in 1890, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) has shaped contemporary biomedical research and education with programs in cancer, neuroscience, plant biology and quantitative biology. CSHL is ranked number one in the world by Thomson Reuters for impact of its research in molecular biology and genetics. The Laboratory has been home to eight Nobel Prize winners. Today, CSHL's multidisciplinary scientific community is more than 600 researchers and technicians strong and its Meetings & Courses program hosts more than 12,000 scientists from around the world each year to its Long Island campus and its China center. Tens of thousands more benefit from the research, reviews, and ideas published in journals and books distributed internationally by CSHL Press. The Laboratory's education arm also includes a graduate school and programs for undergraduates as well as middle and high school students and teachers. CSHL is a private, not-for-profit institution on the north shore of Long Island. For more information, visit http://www.cshl.edu.

Written by: Edward Brydon Ph.D., Science Writer | ebrydon@cshl.edu | 516-367-8455

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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-05/cshl-is052213.php

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